The hepatitis panel typically includes the following tests:

Antibody test for hepatitis A (IgM class)
Antibody and antigen test for hepatitis B: Hepatitis B nuclear antibody (of IgM class) and hepatitis B surface antigen
Antibody test for hepatitis C.

For more details, go to the FAQ section: “How is this test used?” See

If there is a suspicion that the acute symptoms are due to one of the hepatitis viruses, or that a person has an increased risk of infection, or that they may be exposed to the virus, hepatitis panel tests can be used to determine if a person is infected and which virus they are infected with. Is help.

The hepatitis A (HAV) virus is highly contagious and is usually transmitted by eating or contacting infected food or water. Hepatitis A infections are usually mild, however in rare cases the disease can be caused by an acute illness. Hepatitis A does not cause chronic infections like hepatitis B and C. A suitable vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis. It is spread through contact with blood or other body fluids from an infected person. Exposure to it can cause transmission, for example, by sharing a needle for an intravenous drug or through unprotected sex. People who live in or travel to areas of the world where hepatitis B is prevalent are at higher risk. Rarely can mothers pass the infection to their baby (usually at birth). However, the virus is not transmitted through food or water, occasional contact such as shaking hands or coughing and sneezing. There is also a good vaccine to protect against hepatitis B.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is also spread by exposure to contaminated blood, infection by sharing needles with drug users intravenously, and by sharing blood-contaminated personal items such as razors, through intercourse. Sex with an infected person is transmitted through occupational exposure in health care personnel, and from mother to child during childbirth. Before HCV tests became available in the 1990s, the hepatitis C virus was often transmitted through blood transfusions. There is currently no vaccine to prevent HCV infection.

The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body that secretes two important iodinated hormones, T3 and T4. In addition, there is TSH (thyroid hormone stimulating hormone), which increases its secretion following a decrease in blood levels of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are important for the activity of almost all tissues in the body. This gland regulates the body’s energy metabolism and affects brain growth, skeletal growth, embryonic development, nervous development and reproductive function, respiration, heart, body temperature, muscle strength, dry skin, menstrual cycle, weight and surface area. Cholesterol is influential. Thyroid disease is one of the most common hormonal disorders and today it is common for thyroid tests to be performed in clinical laboratories.

What are thyroid function tests?

TSH, FT4, and FT3 are commonly tested for a variety of blood tests for thyroid function. To do this, the patient takes a blood sample and is sent to the department of hormones, immunology and serology for testing. In addition to reporting the measured thyroid hormone levels to the clinician, laboratories use reference intervals to compare the patient’s blood test result with that of healthy individuals.

TSH test

The most sensitive screening test is to detect possible thyroid abnormalities. In general, TSH increases in hypothyroidism or hypothyroidism, and TSH decreases in hyperthyroidism or hyperthyroidism. An abnormal result of this test requires one or more more tests to find the cause of the problem.

T4 test

It exists in two forms free (FT4) and bound to protein (T4). Decreased levels of both forms (FT4 and T4) are seen in hypothyroidism. However, in certain cases, if corticosteroids are used to treat shortness of breath, arthritis, skin conditions, etc., the level of binding protein (T4) decreases and as a result, in these people, the level of serum (T4) may be low. And not known as hypothyroidism. Increased levels of any free (FT4) and protein-bound (T4) form are seen in hyperthyroidism. In particular, pregnant women and women taking birth control pills have high levels of binding proteins in their blood and therefore may not be known as hyperthyroidism despite their high serum T4 levels.

T3 test

If your clinician suspects hyperthyroidism in someone with a normal FT4 level, a T3 test can be helpful to confirm this condition. This test is not suitable for diagnosing hypothyroidism; Because its level does not decrease until hypothyroidism becomes acute.

Uptake T3 test

It is a specialized complementary test for indirect measurement of thyroxine-binding protein in plasma. Decreases in this test are seen in pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and acute hepatitis. Increases in this test include the use of anabolic hormones and glucocorticoids, nephrotic syndrome, and genetic deficiency of TBG.

TSI test (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin)

This test is used to measure autoantibodies in the diagnosis of autoimmune disease.

Anti TPO (thyroid peroxidase antibody) test

This test is also used to measure autoantibodies in the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. TPO is an enzyme present in the thyroid gland that plays a key role in the production of thyroid hormones. In the Anti TPO test, we look for autoimmune antibodies against TPO in the blood, which if present in the blood, is often the cause of autoimmune disease. This test is usually done with an anti-thyroglobulin antibody test, which greatly increases specificity and sensitivity.

What are the requirements for thyroid tests?

The best conditions for thyroid tests are early in the morning (before 10 am) and on an empty stomach. Also, if the client is taking a certain drug, be sure to inform the laboratory.

When should screening tests be performed?
Tests used in screening programs should be performed before the baby is discharged from the hospital or within the first 5 days after birth.
How is sampling done?
After warming the baby’s feet and cleaning the area with a special disinfectant, using a special needle (lancet) that is inserted into the heel of the baby’s feet, a few drops of blood are collected on a special filter paper and after 3 Dry at room temperature for up to 4 hours.
How are the results interpreted?
If the test result is abnormal, it does not mean that the baby is necessarily ill, but it means that additional tests should be performed on the baby’s blood and also consulted by a pediatrician, and then treatment should be started immediately if the disease is confirmed. . The method of treatment depends on the type of disease and includes special diets and medication.
What diseases are screened for?
The composition of the diseases present in neonatal screening schemes varies in different parts of the world. The proposed scheme currently includes six diseases:
1) Congenital hypothyroidism: This disease reduces the level of thyroid hormones and as a result causes severe physical and mental retardation. Early diagnosis and medical treatment will prevent any problems and the baby will continue to grow normally.
2) Phenylectonuria: Phenylalanine is one of the most important and essential amino acids in the body. The genetic defect of enzymes that cause the consumption of phenylalanine in the metabolic cycle increases its level in the body and its appearance in the urine. If left untreated, high levels of phenylalanine can damage brain tissue and lead to mental retardation. Early diagnosis and treatment with special diets will help the baby grow normally.
3) Increased galactose (galactosemia): Children with this disease will not be able to use the sugar in milk (galactose) due to a genetic defect in the production of some enzymes. As a result, blood galactose levels rise and can cause cataracts and severe liver and brain damage. The first sign of this is prolonged and severe vomiting, and if left untreated, it can lead to very dangerous complications.
4) Enlargement and congenital hypertrophy of the adrenal gland: In this disease, the body is unable to produce the hormone cortisol, and this deficiency causes physical and mental retardation, as well as boyish traits in girls. Early diagnosis and treatment of the disease prevents these complications.
5) Maple syrup disease: The cause of this disease is a congenital disorder in the absorption and use of several types of amino acids. As a result, the level of these amino acids in the blood increases and it smells like burnt sugar or maple sap gives body fluids, including urine. Accumulation of these amino acids leads to severe mental retardation and even death.
6) G6PD (Favism) Deficiency: In this disease, one of the important enzymes of red blood cells is reduced and as a result, red blood cells are destroyed after consuming oxidants such as some drugs and beans. The patient quickly develops severe anemia with shock, lethargy, and lethargy, and the disease in infants can prolong the course of jaundice.
What is the prevalence of these diseases in Iran?
The prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism is 1 in 3500, phenylketonuria is 1 in 14,000, galactose is 1 in 40,000, maple syrup is 1 in 200,000, adrenal hypertrophy is 1 in 10,000 and G6PD deficiency is more than 1 in 100.